About Arthritis – Part 1
Arthritis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, causing pain and inflammation in the joints. It is not a single disease, but an umbrella term used to describe over 100 different types of joint disorders. These disorders can affect people of all ages, though they are more prevalent in older adults. The impact of arthritis extends beyond joint discomfort; it can significantly affect one’s quality of life, mobility and overall well-being.
Understanding the various types of arthritis, their symptoms and the available treatments is crucial for effective management and maintaining a good quality of life. In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the common types of arthritis, their distinctive symptoms and explore the latest treatments designed to alleviate symptoms and improve joint function.
Living with Arthritis
Arthritis is not just a single disease; it is an informal way of referring to joint pain or joint disease. It is an ailment that affects around 10 million people in the UK—that’s approximately one in six that live with some form of arthritis. Understanding arthritis, including its types, symptoms and treatment options can help those affected to manage their condition effectively and lead fulfilling lives.
- Among these, osteoarthritis (commonly termed “wear-and-tear” arthritis) is the most widespread, affecting about 8.7–9 million people, primarily those aged 45 and above.
- Rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory type of arthritis, affects roughly 0.8–1% of the population—which translates to between 450,000 to 700,000 adults—and is notably more common in women.
- Psoriatic arthritis, also an inflammatory arthritis, impacts about 190,000 individuals in the UK.
Altogether, musculoskeletal disorders (including all types of arthritis) affect over 20 million people—around one-third of the UK population at some point in their life.
The most commonly affected joints are those in the:
- knees
- hips
- spine
- hand and wrist
- shoulder and elbow
At David Stitson Orthopaedics we focus on knee and hip Surgery.
What is Arthritis?
Arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe over 100 different conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues. The characteristic feature of arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age and gradual loss or destruction of the cartilage of the joint surfaces. The severity and impact of symptoms can differ greatly among individuals. Arthritis can affect anyone, regardless of their age or background, making it crucial to raise awareness and understanding of this prevalent condition.
Different Types of Arthritis
There are numerous types of arthritis, each with its own unique set of characteristics and impacts. While some forms are caused by wear and tear or ageing, others are spurred by immune system responses or infections. Understanding the differences between each type can be beneficial for diagnosis and treatment. The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Types of Arthritis
| Type of Arthritis | Estimated UK Prevalence |
| All forms of arthritis | 10 million (1 in 6) |
| Osteoarthritis | 8.7–9 million |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 450,000–700,000 adults |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 190,000 |
| All musculoskeletal conditions | 20 million (1 in 3) |
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, often described as a degenerative joint disease. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time, typically due to age, overuse, or injury. This form of arthritis primarily affects joints in the hands, knees, hips, and spine.
– Symptoms: The symptoms of osteoarthritis include joint pain, tenderness, swelling and stiffness, loss of flexibility, crepitus (a grating sensation) and bone spurs.
– Risk Factors: Risk factors for developing OA include increasing age, obesity, joint injuries, repeated stress on the joint, genetics, bone deformities and certain metabolic diseases.
– Treatment Options: Treatment for osteoarthritis is geared towards managing symptoms and improving joint function. This may include physiotherapy, weight loss, medications such as analgesics and anti-inflammatories, steroid injections and in severe cases, surgical interventions including joint replacement.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting more than just the joints. It is an autoimmune condition, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues, particularly the synovium—a lining in the joints. This leads to loss of joint surface cartilage and joint deformity
– Symptoms: Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms often include tender, warm, swollen joints, fatigue, fever and loss of appetite. Joint stiffness is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity. RA typically effects the small joints of the hand and wrist, the feet and the cervical spine. It can also effect larger joints such as shoulders, knees and hips. RA can also affect other tissues throughout the body, leading to a range of systemic issues.
– Risk Factors: Factors that may increase the risk of developing RA include genetics, age (with onset typically between the ages of 40 and 60) and gender (females are more frequently affected),
– Treatment Options: The aim of rheumatoid arthritis treatment is to manage symptoms, prevent joint and organ damage and improve physical function. This may involve medications such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics and corticosteroids alongside lifestyle changes like diet and exercise.
Other Common Types
In addition to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, several other types of arthritis are prevalent, each with distinct characteristics:
– Psoriatic Arthritis: This type often occurs in those with psoriasis, characterised by joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. (Obvious skin psoriasis does not need to be present to develop psoriatic joint disease)
– Gout: A form of arthritis caused by the accumulation of urate crystals in the synovial fluid in the joint, leading to sudden and severe pain, redness, swelling and to joint surface cartilage loss if left untreated.
– Ankylosing Spondylitis: Primarily effects the spine, causing inflammation leading to chronic pain, stiffness and deformity, particularly in the lower back. The disease can also affect the sacroiliac joints and the hips.
– Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Occurs in children under the age of 16 and includes various types, all of which cause joint inflammation, swelling, stiffness and pain.
– Lupus Arthritis: Part of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it can cause joint pain and swelling along with a range of systemic symptoms.
– Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Patients with Crohn’s Disease or Ulcerative colitis may develop inflammatory arthritis, similar in nature to RA.
Living with arthritis requires physical and mental adaptation, as each type of arthritis presents its own challenges and necessities. By grasping the differences between these types, individuals can better navigate their symptoms and take steps towards managing their health. In-depth knowledge and proactive management are the keys to living well with chronic arthritis.
Symptoms of Arthritis
Arthritis is a term commonly associated with joint disorders and although symptoms vary considerably, joint disease can significantly impact quality of life. Recognising symptoms early can help in managing the condition effectively.
Joint Pain and Stiffness
One of the hallmark symptoms of arthritis is joint pain. The discomfort often worsens with movement or after periods of inactivity. The pain can range from mild to severe, affecting daily activities. Stiffness is also prevalent, particularly in the morning or after sitting for long periods. This stiffness can hinder your ability to move freely and perform routine tasks.
Swelling and Redness
Many individuals with arthritis experience swelling around the affected joints. This swelling is in part due to inflammation of the joint’s tissues and can lead to a sensation of warmth in the area and in part due to excess joint fluid causing what is known as an effusion. In some cases the skin over the joint may appear red. Such symptoms can vary in intensity, with some people experiencing persistent discomfort, while others may notice fluctuations depending on activity levels and environmental factors.
Reduced Range of Motion
Another significant symptom of arthritis is a reduced range of motion. Over time, inflammation and joint damage can lead to a loss of flexibility. The resulting limitation may make it challenging to perform everyday activities, such as gripping objects, getting dressed or climbing stairs. The reduced mobility may also result in reliance on supports or adaptive devices, further affecting independence and quality of life.
Read Part 2 ⇒
Mr Stitson has more than 20 years of experience as a consultant trauma and orthopaedic surgeon and benefits from practising privileges at the Nuffield Hospital, Plymouth. His first consideration is the well-being of his patients by providing high-quality orthopaedic investigation, advice and treatment tailored appropriately to individual requirements.
About Mr Stitson
David Stitson is a Plymouth-based Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon. Trained both in the UK and internationally, he has worked in medicine for more than 20 years for the NHS, for the Royal Air Force and in private practice. Mr Stitson operates privately at the Nuffield Health Hospital, Plymouth.
